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Āstika ("there is, there exists"〔) and nāstika ("not āstika") are concepts used by the Brahmanical tradition, and modern scholars〔Roy Perrett (2000), Indian Philosophy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0815336112, page 88〕〔Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004), The Hindu World, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415772273, pages 729-730〕 to classify and contrast Indian philosophies. ''Āstika'' has been defined in one of three ways; as those who accept the epistemic authority of the Vedas, as those who accept the existence of ātman, or as those who accept the existence of ''Ishvara''.〔Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0231149877, Chapter 9〕〔GS Ghurye, Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary, Ed: S. Devadas Pillai (2011), ISBN 978-8171548071, page 354〕 In contrast, ''nāstika'' are those who deny the respective foundational definitions of ''āstika''.〔 The various definitions for ''āstika'' and ''nastika'' philosophies has been disputed since ancient times, and there is no consensus.〔〔Wendy Doniger (2014), On Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199360079, page 46〕 Buddhism is considered to be ''nāstika'', but the Gautama Buddha is considered an avatar of Vishnu in some Hindu traditions.〔Literature review of secondary references of Buddha as Dashavatara which regard Buddha to be part of standard list: * (Britannica ) * (A Dictionary of Asian Mythology By David Adams Leeming p. 19 "Avatar" ) * (Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide By Roshen Dalal p. 112 "Dashavatara" ) ""The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: ... Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki." * (The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M p. 73 "Avatar" ) * (Hindu Gods and Goddesses By Sunita Pant Bansal p. 27 ) "Vishnu Dashavatara" * (Hindu Myths (Penguin Books) pp. 62-63 ) * (ISKCON ) * (The Book of Vishnu ) (see index) * (Seven secrets of Vishnu By Devdutt Pattanaik ) p. 203 "In the more popular list of ten avatars of Vishnu, the ninth avatar is shown as Buddha, not Balarama." * (A Dictionary of Hinduism p. 47 "Avatara" ) * (BBC ) * 〕 The most studied Āstika schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as orthodox schools, are six: Nyāyá, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedānta – all schools of Hinduism. The most studied Nāstika schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as heterodox schools, are four: Buddhism, Jainism, Cārvāka, and Ājīvika – last two are also schools of Hinduism.〔For an overview of this method of classification, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: 〕 This orthodox-heterodox terminology is a construct of Western languages, and lacks scholarly roots in Sanskrit. Recent scholarly studies〔 state that there have been various heresiological translations of Āstika and Nāstika in 20th century literature on Indian philosophies, but quite many are unsophisticated and flawed. Astika and Nastika do not mean "theism" and "atheism" respectively in ancient or medieval era Sanskrit literature.〔 In current Indian languages like Hindi, ''āstika'' usually means "theist", while ''nāstika'' means "atheist".〔For (instance ), the "Atheist Society of India" produces a monthly publications ''Nasthika Yugam'', which it translates as "The Age of Atheism".〕 However, the terms are used differently in Hindu philosophy. For example, ''Sāṃkhya'' is both an atheist and ''āstika'' (Vedic) philosophy.〔"By reasoning, the material principle itself simply evolves into complex forms, and there is no need to hold that some spiritual power governs the material principle or its ultimate source." Francis Clooney, CJ, "''Restoring 'Hindu Theology' as a category in Indian intellectual discourse", in 〕 == Etymology == ''Āstika'' is a Sanskrit adjective (and noun) that is derived from ''asti'' ("there is or exists"). meaning "knowing that which exists" or "pious"; ''Nāstika'' (''na'' (not) + ') is its negative. As used in Hindu philosophy the differentiation between ''āstika'' and ''nāstika'' does not refer to theism or atheism.〔 The terms often, but not always, relate to accepting Vedic literature as an authority, particularly on their teachings on Self (Soul). The Veda and Hinduism do not subscribe to or include the concept of an almighty that is separate from oneself i.e. there is no concept of 'god' as in the Christian or Islamic sense. As N. N. Bhattacharyya writes: Astika is also a name, such as of a Vedic scholar born to goddess Manasa (mind) and sage Jaratkaru.〔George Williams (2003), Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195332612, page 65〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Āstika and nāstika」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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